310 BMW Group Report 2024 To Our Stakeholders Combined Management Report Group Financial Statements Responsibility Statement and Auditor’s Report Remuneration Report Other Information Notes to the Group Financial Statements The change in the net defined benefit liability for pension plans can be derived as follows: in € million Defined benefit obligation Plan assets Total Effect of limitation of the net defined benefit asset to the asset ceiling Net defined benefit liability 1 January 2024 18,918 – 19,347 – 429 799 370 E X P E N S E / I N C O M E Current service cost 382 – 382 – 382 Interest expense (+)/income (–) 677 – 711 – 34 43 9 Past service cost 41 – 41 – 41 R E M E A S U R E M E N T S Gains (–) or losses (+) on plan assets, excluding amounts included in interest income – 407 407 – 407 Gains (–) or losses (+) arising from changes in financial assumptions – 906 – – 906 – – 906 Gains (–) or losses (+) arising from changes in demographic assumptions – 48 – – 48 – – 48 Gains (–) or losses (+) arising from experience adjustments 277 – 277 – 277 Changes in the limitation of the net defined benefit asset to the asset ceiling – – – – 112 – 112 Transfers to fund – – 362 – 362 – – 362 Employee contributions 111 – 111 – – – Pensions and other benefits paid – 742 743 1 – 1 Translation differences and other changes 284 – 322 – 38 41 3 31 December 2024 18,994 – 19,703 – 709 771 62 thereof pension provisions 222 thereof assets – 160