311 BMW Group Report 2024 To Our Stakeholders Combined Management Report Group Financial Statements Responsibility Statement and Auditor’s Report Remuneration Report Other Information Notes to the Group Financial Statements in € million Defined benefit obligation Plan assets Total Effect of limitation of the net defined benefit asset to the asset ceiling Net defined benefit liability 1 January 2023 17,685 – 18,383 – 698 894 196 E X P E N S E / I N C O M E Current service cost 366 – 366 – 366 Interest expense (+)/income (–) 704 – 748 – 44 43 – 1 Past service cost 27 – 27 – 27 R E M E A S U R E M E N T S Gains (–) or losses (+) on plan assets, excluding amounts included in interest income – – 317 – 317 – – 317 Gains (–) or losses (+) arising from changes in financial assumptions 458 – 458 – 458 Gains (–) or losses (+) arising from changes in demographic assumptions – 174 – – 174 – – 174 Gains (–) or losses (+) arising from experience adjustments 329 – 329 – 329 Changes in the limitation of the net defined benefit asset to the asset ceiling – – – – 155 – 155 Transfers to fund – – 353 – 353 – – 353 Employee contributions 107 – 107 – – – Pensions and other benefits paid – 673 667 – 6 – – 6 Translation differences and other changes 89 – 106 – 17 17 – 31 December 2023 18,918 – 19,347 – 429 799 370 thereof pension provisions 427 thereof assets – 57 Due to the fact that there is no right of reimbursement or right to reduce future contributions, particularly to the fund of one pen- sion plan in the UK, the amount of plan assets reported has been limited to the amount of the obligations.