290 BMW Group Report 2024 To Our Stakeholders Combined Management Report Group Financial Statements Responsibility Statement and Auditor’s Report Remuneration Report Other Information Notes to the Group Financial Statements Research and development expenses were as follows: in € million 2024 2023 Research and development expenditure 9,078 7,755 New expenditure for capitalised development costs – 3,525 – 2,604 Amortisation 2,089 2,387 Research and development expenses 7,642 7,538 09 Selling and administrative expenses in € million 2024 2023 Selling expenses 6,135 6,091 Administrative expenses 5,161 4,934 Selling and administrative expenses 11,296 11,025 Selling and administrative expenses relate mainly to expenses for marketing and communication, personnel and IT. 10 Other operating income and expenses Other operating income and expenses comprise the following items: in € million 2024 2023 Exchange gains 757 429 Income from the reversal of provisions 235 240 Income from the reversal of impairment allowances and write-downs 18 2 Gains on the disposal of assets 26 58 Sundry operating income 375 316 Other operating income 1,411 1,045 Exchange losses – 510 – 401 Expense for additions to provisions – 228 – 399 Expense for impairment allowances and write-downs – 35 – 15 Loss on the disposal of assets – 141 – 67 Sundry operating expenses – 587 – 345 Other operating expenses – 1,501 – 1,227 Other operating income and expenses – 90 – 182 In 2024, exchange gains and losses include a net positive amount of € 233 million arising primarily on the de-designation of renminbi currency hedging transactions. Income from the reversal of provisions includes income arising on the reassessment of risks from legal disputes. The expense for additions to provisions includes litigation and other legal risks. Income from the reversal of and expenses for the recognition of impairment allowances and write-downs relate mainly to impair- ment allowances on receivables. Impairment losses recognised on receivables from contracts with customers amounted to € 35 million (2023: € 15 million). 11 Net interest result Net interest result comprises the following: in € million 2024 2023 Other interest and similar income 653 691 thereof from subsidiaries 35 37 Net interest income on the net defined benefit liability for pension plans 2 10 Interest and similar income 655 701 Net interest impact on other long-term provisions – 330 – 467 Net interest expense on the net defined benefit liability for pension plans – 11 – 9 Other interest and similar expenses – 232 – 180 thereof to subsidiaries – 4 – 4 Interest and similar expenses – 573 – 656 Net interest result 82 45 Interest expense from unwinding the discounting of other non- current provisions on the one hand and interest income from ad- justing the discount rate on the other are netted and, as in previ- ous years, reported as a net interest effect within interest ex- pense.